Huygens Principle for a Planar Source

We start off with Maxwell's Equation in the Lorentz gauge:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \square^2A^\mu(\mathbf{r},t) = \square^2A^\mu (r)=\mu j^\mu (r)}

where we use the metric signature (+,+,+,-) and

$A^{\mu }=(\mathbf {A} ,{\frac {\Phi }{c}})$

$\square ^{2}=\partial _{\mu }\partial ^{\mu }=\nabla ^{2}-{\frac {1}{c^{2}}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial t^{2}}}$

$j^{\mu }=(\mathbf {j} ,c\rho ),\partial _{\mu }=(\mathbf {\nabla } ,{\frac {1}{c}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial t}})$

The gauge condition for the Lorentz gauge is

$\partial _{\mu }A^{\mu }=0\Rightarrow \mathbf {\nabla } \cdot \mathbf {A} -{\frac {1}{c^{2}}}{\frac {\partial \Phi }{\partial t}}=0$

Introduce the Green's function at $r=(\mathbf {r} ,t)$ from some impulse source at $r'=(\mathbf {r} ',t')$

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \square^2_rG(r,r')=\delta^4(r-r')}

and its Fourier transform

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \tilde{G} (q) = \frac{1}{(2\pi)^2} \int d^4r e^{-iq\cdot r} G(r,0)}

G(r,0)=\frac{1}{(2\pi)^2} \int d^4qe^{iq\cdot r} \tilde{G}(q)</math>

Translational symmetry implies

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle G(r-r',0)=G(r,r') \quad }

∴Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle G(r,r')=\frac{1}{(2\pi)^2}\int d^4q e^{iq\cdot (r-r')} \tilde{G} (q)}
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \square^2_rG(r,r')=\frac{1}{(2\pi)^2}\int d^4qe^{iq\cdot (r-r')}\tilde{G}(q)}

$\square _{r}^{2}G(r,r')={\frac {1}{(2\pi )^{2}}}\int d^{4}qe^{iq\cdot (r-r')}(-k^{2}+{\frac {\omega ^{2}}{c^{2}}})$, where Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle q=(\mathbf{k},\frac{\omega}{c}) \quad}

But, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \square^2_rG(r,r')=\delta^4(r-r')=\frac{1}{(2\pi)^4}\int d^4q e^{iq\cdot (r-r')}}

∴Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \tilde{G}(q)=\frac{(2\pi)^2}{(2\pi)^4}\frac{1}{-q^2}= \frac{-1}{(2\pi)^2q^2}}

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle G(r,r')=\frac{-1}{(2\pi)^4} \int d^4qe^{iq\cdot (r-r')} \frac{1}{(k+\frac{\omega}{c})(k-\frac{\omega}{c})}}

Chose the "retarded" solution, such that the function is zero unless t>t'

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle G(r,r')=\frac{1}{(2\pi)^4}\int d^3ke^{i\mathbf{k}\cdot (r-r')}\int d(\frac{\omega}{c}) \frac{e^{-i\omega(t-t')}}{(\frac{\omega}{c}-k)(\frac{\omega}{c}+k)}\Theta(t-t')}

$={\frac {1}{(2\pi )^{4}}}\int d^{3}ke^{i\mathbf {k} \cdot (r-r')}(2\pi i{\frac {e^{ick(t-t')}-e^{-ick(t-t')}}{2k}})\Theta$

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle =\frac{-2\pi}{(2\pi)^4}\int_0 \frac{k^2dk}{k} \sin\left({ck(t-t')}\right) 2\pi\int_{-1}^1 dze^{ik|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r'}|z}\Theta}

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle =\frac{-1}{(2\pi)^2}\left(\frac{1}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r'|}}\right)2\int_0 dk \sin(ck(t-t')) \sin(k|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r'}|)\Theta}

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle =\frac{1}{(2\pi)^2}\frac{2}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|}\frac{2\pi}{4} \left[\delta(|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|+c(t-t'))-\delta(|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|-c(t-t'))\right]\Theta}

But the term Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \delta(|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|+c(t-t'))\rightarrow 0 \quad\forall\quad t>t'}

∴$G(r,r')={\frac {-1}{4\pi }}\quad {\frac {\delta (|\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} '|-c(t-t'))}{|\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} '|}}$

Now to get the $G_{1}(r,r')\quad$ in the half-space with z>0 with the boundary condition Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle G_1\quad } atFailed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle r_3=z=0 \quad} we take the difference:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle G_1(r,r')=\frac{-1}{4\pi}\left(\frac{\delta(|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|-c(t-t'))}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|}-\frac{\delta(|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'+2z'\hat{e_3}|-c(t-t'))}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'+2z'\hat{e_3}|}\right)}

Now use Green's theorem:

Let $F^{\mu }=A(r)\partial _{\mu }G_{1}(r,r')-G_{1}(r,r')\partial _{\mu }A(r)$

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int \part_\mu F_\mu d^4r= \int cdt \int d^3r[\part_\mu A \part^\mu G+A\part_\mu \part^\mu G_1-\part_\mu G \part^\mu A -G_1\part_\mu \part^\mu A]}

But Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \part_\mu \part^\mu G_1(r,r')=\delta^4(r-r')}

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \part_\mu \part^\mu A(r)= \mu j(r)} , let Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle j(r)=0 \quad}

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int \part_\mu F_\mu d^4r=A(r')}

Now invoke the divergence theorem on the half space $z>0\quad$:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle A(r')=-\int d^2r\int cdt\left[A(r)\frac{\part}{\part z}G_1(r,r')-G_1(r,r')\frac{\part}{\part z}A(r)\right]} , where the last term is zero by the condition ofFailed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle G_1(z=0,r')=0 \quad}

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle A(r')=-c\int dt\int d^2rA(r)\frac{\part}{\part z}G_1(r,r')}

To do the t integral, I need to bring out the z derivative. To do this, I first turn it into a z' derivative, using the relation:


Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle G_1(r,r')=\frac{-1}{4\pi}\left(\frac{\delta(|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|-c(t-t'))}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|}-\frac{\delta(|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}''|-c(t-t'))}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}''|}\right)} , where Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathbf{r}''=\mathbf{r}'-2z'\hat{e_3}}

${\frac {\partial }{\partial z}}G_{1}(r,r')={\frac {-1}{4\pi }}\left({\frac {\partial }{\partial z}}\left({\frac {\delta (|\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} '|-c(t-t'))}{|\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} '|}}-{\frac {\delta (|\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} ''|-c(t-t'))}{|\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} ''|}}\right)\right)$

∴ Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle A(r')=\frac{-1}{4\pi}\frac{\part}{\part z'}\int_{z=0} d^2r\left(2\frac{A(\mathbf{r},t'-\frac{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|}{c})}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|}\right)}

At Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle z=0 \quad } , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle |\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|=\sqrt{r^2+z'^2}=S, dS=\frac{rdr}{\sqrt{r^2+z'^2}}}

IfFailed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle A(\mathbf{r},t) \quad} is independent of position, as in a plane wave propagating along the z axis, then:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle A(r')=\frac{-\part}{\part z'}\int_{z'}^\infin dS A\left(\mathbf{0},t-\frac{S}{c}\right)=A\left(\mathbf{\mathbf{0}},t'-\frac{z'}{c}\right)}

This gives us uniform translation of waves at velocity c. More generally:

$A(r')={\frac {-1}{2\pi }}\int _{z=0}d^{2}r{\frac {\partial }{\partial z'}}\left({\frac {A\left(\mathbf {r} ,t'-{\frac {|\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} '|}{c}}\right)}{|\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} '|}}\right)$

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle =\frac{-1}{2\pi}\int_{z=0} d^2r\left(\frac{A\left(\mathbf{r},t'-\frac{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|}{c}\right)}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|^3}(-z')+\frac{\dot{A}\left(\mathbf{r},t'-\frac{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|}{c}\right)}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|c}\frac{-z'}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|}\right)}

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle A(r')=\frac{-1}{2\pi}\int_{z=0} d^2r\left(\frac{A\left(\mathbf{r},t'-\frac{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|}{c}\right)}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|^3}(-z')+\frac{1}{c}\frac{\dot{A}\left(\mathbf{r},t'-\frac{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|}{c}\right)}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|^2}(-z')\right)}

In our case, we consider only those waves which drop off as Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{1}{r'} \quad} , so:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle A(r')=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{z=0} d^2r\left(\frac{1}{c}\frac{\dot{A}\left(\mathbf{r},t'-\frac{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|}{c}\right)}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|^2}(z')\right)}

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle A(r')=\frac{z'}{2\pi c}\int_{z=0} d^2r\left(\frac{\dot{A}\left(\mathbf{r},t'-\frac{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|}{c}\right)}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|^2}\right)}

In cylindrical coordinates, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d^2r=rdrd\phi \quad} . Also, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \dot{A}\left(\mathbf{r},t'-\frac{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|}{c}\right)=\dot{A}(\mathbf{r},0)e^{-ik(t'c-|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|)}} . So:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle A(r')=\frac{z'\dot{A_0}}{2\pi c}\int_{z=0} rdrd\phi \frac{e^{-ik(t'c-|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|)}}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|^2}}

Special Case

Picture an opaque screen with a circular aperture of radius a.

LetFailed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathcal{J}(r')=\int_0^a rdr\int_0^{2\pi} d\phi \frac{e^{ik|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|}}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|}}

Then Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle A(r')=\frac{z'\dot{A_0}}{2\pi c}e^{-ikct'}\mathcal{J}(r')}

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle |\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|=\sqrt{(x-x')^2+(y-y')^2+z'^2}=\sqrt{r^2+r'^2+2r\rho^2\cos\phi}}

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle =r'-\frac{2r\rho'\cos\phi}{2r'}, \frac{\rho'}{r'}=\sin\theta'}

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{1}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|^2} \approx \frac{1}{r'^2}\left(1+\frac{2r\sin\theta'\cos\phi}{r'}\right)}