Changes

== Coding your black box ==

== Coding your black box ==

Every VHDL file defines an '''entity'''.  Every entity has two parts to it: a ''port list'' and an ''architecture''.  The port list defines the black box of your component.  First you declare that you are defining an entity, then inside the entity you declare your ports.

Every VHDL file defines an '''entity'''.  Every entity has two parts to it: a ''port (pin) list'' and an ''architecture''.  The port list defines the black box of your component.  First you declare that you are defining an entity, then inside the entity you declare your ports.

As discussed above, there are three types of ports: in, out, inout.  There are also lines and buses.  A line is referred to as a '''STD_LOGIC''' and a bus is referred to as a '''STD_LOGIC_VECTOR'''.  There are also two flavors of STD_LOGIC_VECTORS: '''downto''' and '''to'''.  A "downto" bus has the most significant bit (MSB) associated with the largest subscript, and a "to" bus has the least significant bit (LSB) associated with the largest subscript.  A bus with N lines need not have subscripts running from 0 ''to'' N-1.  They can run from 1 ''to'' N or N+84 ''downto'' 85; there is complete freedom as to the subscript offset.  Most people who learned coding in C or Java or something similar will generally stick to 0 ''to'' N-1 or N-1 ''downto'' 0 out of habit unless the situation calls for something else (for clarity, usually).  Often an engineer will choose either "to" or "downto" (I happen to prefer "downto") and stick with it.  However mixing "to" and "downto" has it's uses; for example connecting a "downto" to a "to" will reverse the order of the bits in the bus.  For a beginner, I recommend picking one and sticking to it.

As discussed above, there are three types of ports: in, out, inout.  There are also lines and buses.  A line is referred to as a '''STD_LOGIC''' and a bus is referred to as a '''STD_LOGIC_VECTOR'''.  There are also two flavors of STD_LOGIC_VECTORS: '''downto''' and '''to'''.  A "downto" bus has the most significant bit (MSB) associated with the largest subscript, and a "to" bus has the least significant bit (LSB) associated with the largest subscript.  A bus with N lines need not have subscripts running from 0 ''to'' N-1.  They can run from 1 ''to'' N or N+84 ''downto'' 85; there is complete freedom as to the subscript offset.  Most people who learned coding in C or Java or something similar will generally stick to 0 ''to'' N-1 or N-1 ''downto'' 0 out of habit unless the situation calls for something else (for clarity, usually).  Often an engineer will choose either "to" or "downto" (I happen to prefer "downto") and stick with it.  However mixing "to" and "downto" has it's uses; for example connecting a "downto" to a "to" will reverse the order of the bits in the bus.  For a beginner, I recommend picking one and sticking to it.