Programming the Ethernet controller

Interface

See also: Ethernet packets

The eight states

There are eight major states to the module.

State list

(000) Reset Cycle

The reset cycle resets the selected chips. There are flags for resetting all 4 chips: DAC, ADC, temperature sensor, Ethernet controller. This is the entry state from a power-on. From this state, proceed unconditionally to 001.

(001) Transmit "I"

This state transmits an "I" packet to acknowledge that a reset occurred but the board is now prepared to accept new packets and function normally. From this state, proceed unconditionally to 010.

(010) Idle

This is the idle state where the state machine awaits a new packet's arrival. If the Receive FIFO is empty, it loops back on itself and continues checking the FIFO. If the FIFO is not empty, proceed to 011.

(011) Read Packet

This state accesses the first packet. If packets need to be filtered by the FPGA, this state will filter and return to 010 on a bad packet. The MAC data is discarded, as it is unimportant to the FPGA, and the first data byte is read. This byte is used as a switch: an ASCII "R" loops to 000. A "Q" proceeds to 100. A "P" proceeds to 110. Any other value is a bad packet and the state machine returns to 010.

(100) Poll Status

This state polls the status chips (the ADC and the temperature sensor) so that recent data is ready for transmission.

(101) Transmit "S"

This state packages and transmits an "S" packet over the Ethernet to report back the status of the board in response to a "Q" packet.

(110) Program DAC

This state programs the DAC with new values according to the mask and data in the "P" packet.

(111) Transmit "D"

This state packages and transmits a "D" packet over the Ethernet to report back the DAC voltages in response to a "P" packet.

State interconnect

These states will form the outline of the functional block diagram. Within each state will be a smaller process or set of processes, possibly broken into substates. Additionally we will have a central state register. Each block reads the state value in the register and enables itself upon seeing its own value. After completion of its function, a block will write a new value to the state register to enable the next block.

State variable

Based on the assignments of state values to the various states, certain interpretations of the state's bits arise. They may or may not prove useful in coding the system. They are given here in the case that they do become useful.

• S_2:1:
  • S₂ = 0: "Core cycle" that executes regularly and forms the spine of the state diagram.
    • S_2:1 = 00: "Initialization cycle" that prepares the state diagram for normal functioning.
    • S_2:1 = 01: "Standard cycle" that the state machine returns to most frequently to process appropriate switching to branches.
  • S₂ = 1: "Branch cycles" that execute selectively based on received packets.
    • S_2:1 = 10: "Query cycle" as described in the page on Ethernet packets.
    • S_2:1 = 11: "Programming cycle" as described in the page on Ethernet packets.
• S₀:
  • S₀ = 0: "Setup state" to prepare internal workings for a communication.
  • S₀ = 1: "Transfer state" to communicate with the external PC.

Controller

Non-State Components

• transceiver
  • This block provides a level of abstraction between the precise CP2200/1 interface and a generalized interface seen by the internal blocks of the FPGA. It takes information on the next transfer to carry out and returns information on the last transfer completed. It has a pulse signal to begin a transfer and a pulse signal to notify of a completed transfer. This eliminates a need for the internal workings of the FPGA to be aware of the timing of the interface; it simply begins a transfer and waits for notification of the transfer's completion.
  • inputs
    • CLK: clock
    • /Rst: asynchronous, active-low reset
    • Go: pulse to begin a transmission
    • R/W_in: read/write toggle: active-high read, active-low write
    • A_in: 8-bit bus for address to read to/write from
    • D_in: 8-bit bus for data to write; ignored during a read
  • outputs to internals
    • Done: pulse to signal completion of a transmission
    • R/W_out: read/write flag: active-high read, active-low write
    • A_out: 8-bit bus for address of last read/write
    • D_out: 8-bit bus for data of last read; internal systems should ignore for a write
  • outputs to CP2200/1
    • /CS: active-low chip select
    • MotEn: Motorola/Intel format toggle: active-high Motorola, active-low Intel
    • MuxEn: Multiplexed flag; not used for CP2201
    • ALE: ALE strobe
    • /Wr: Active-low write flag
    • /Rd: Active-low read flag
  • inouts
    • AD: 8-bit address and data bus
• state register
  • A three-bit register to store the current state.
  • inputs
    • Clk: clock
    • /Rst: asynchronous, active-low reset to zero the register (puts system into reset state)
    • En: write enable
    • D: three-bit data-in bus
  • outputs
    • Q: three-bit data-out bus
• temperature register
  • A 16-bit register to store the most recent temperature data.
  • inputs
    • Clk: clock
    • /Rst: asynchronous, active-low reset to zero the register (puts system into reset state)
    • En: write enable
    • D: ten-bit data-in bus
  • outputs
    • Q: ten-bit data-out bus
• ADC registers
  • A set of eight 16-bit registers to store the most recent ADC data. Also includes a demultiplexer to select which register to write to.
  • inputs
    • Clk: clock
    • /Rst: asynchronous, active-low reset to zero the register (puts system into reset state)
    • En: write enable
    • S: 3-bit select bus
    • D: 12-bit data-in bus
  • outputs
    • Q: 12-bit data-out bus; outputs data of register chosen by S bus
• DAC registers
  • A set of 32/24/16 16-bit registers to store the most recent DAC data. Also includes a demultiplexer to select which register to write to.
  • inputs
    • Clk: clock
    • /Rst: asynchronous, active-low reset to zero the register (puts system into reset state)
    • En: write enable
    • S: 5/5/4-bit select bus
    • D: 14-bit data-in bus
  • outputs
    • Q: 14-bit data-out bus; outputs data of register chosen by S bus

(000) Reset Cycle

Block 000 will have four functional blocks: one each for the DAC, ADC, and Ethernet controller, and one to coordinate their completion. The temperature sensor lacks an external reset function; it self-initializes on startup. The "R" packet will supply flags as to whether or not to enable the various blocks. A power-on reset will default to resetting all components. Using the enable flags like a mask on the done lines, the fourth functional block will update the state register. For information on the reset procedures, see Reset and Initialization.

inputs

• Clk: clock
• /Rst: asynchronous, active-low reset
• State: 3-bit state value
• D_En: DAC enable, assume held high/low by previous block
• A_En: ADC enable, assume held high/low by previous block
• E_En: Ethernet enable, assume held high/low by previous block

internal signals

• S_En: state enable, S_En <= not (St(2) or St(1) or St(0))
• Go: when S_En goes high Go pulses for one cycle
• D_Go: DAC reset go pulse, D_Go <= Go and D_En
• A_Go: ADC reset go pulse, A_Go <= Go and A_En
• E_Go: Ethernet reset go pulse, E_Go <= Go and E_En

blocks

• DAC Reset
  • Resets and initializes the DAC.
  • inputs
    • Clk: clock
    • /Rst: asynchronous, active-low reset
    • D_Go: go pulse to begin reset/initialization process
  • outputs
    • - All DAC reset/initialization control lines -
    • D_Done: goes high when reset/initialization process is complete, falls on D_Go pulse
• ADC Reset
  • Resets and initializes the ADC.
  • inputs
    • Clk: clock
    • /Rst: asynchronous, active-low reset
    • A_Go: go pulse to begin reset/initialization process
  • outputs
    • - All ADC reset/initialization control lines -
    • A_Done: goes high when reset/initialization process is complete, falls on A_Go pulse
• Ethernet Reset
  • Resets and initializes the Ethernet controller.
  • inputs
    • Clk: clock
    • /Rst: asynchronous, active-low reset
    • E_Go: go pulse to begin reset/initialization process
  • outputs
    • - All Ethernet reset/initialization control lines -
    • E_Done: goes high when reset/initialization process is complete, falls on E_Go pulse
• Coordinator
  • Coordinates the completion of each reset cycle and notifies other blocks that the reset process is complete.
  • inputs
    • Clk: clock
    • /Rst: asynchronous, active-low reset
    • D_En: high when DAC is to be reset
    • D_Done: high when DAC is done resetting
    • A_En: high when ADC is to be reset
    • A_Done: high when ADC is done resetting
    • E_En: high when Ethernet controller is to be reset
    • E_Done: high when Ethernet controller is done resetting
  • internal signals
    • Flag <= (D_Done or not D_En) and (A_Done or not A_En) and (E_Done or not E_En)
  • outputs
    • Done: when Flag goes high, Done pulses for one cycle; connects to state register as an enable
    • New_St: new state to be written to the state register; goes to 001 while Done is high

(001) Transmit "I"

This is a simple state. It loads to the CP2200/1 a packet containing an ASCII "I" in the first byte and padding (any value) in all remaining bytes (minimum size of data is 46 bytes, so there needs to be 45 bytes of padding). After the transmission is complete, the block writes a 010 to the state register.

inputs

• Clk: clock
• /Rst: asynchronous, active-low reset
• State: 3-bit state value

internal signals

• S_En: state enable, S_En <= not St(2) and St(1) and not St(0)
• Go: when S_En goes high Go pulses for one cycle

blocks

• Transmitter
  • Loads an ASCII "I" (0x49, 0100 1001) to the transmitter 46 times (the first value must be "I" and the rest are garbage, so padding with "I" is simplest) to fill in a complete packet (accounts for any register incrementing or other loading control necessary).
  • inputs
    • Clk: clock
    • /Rst: asynchronous, active-low reset
    • Go: pulse to begin sending
    • Inc: Done signal from transceiver; initiates next sending
  • outputs
    • TxRx_A: A_in signal to transceiver
    • TxRx_D: D_in signal to transceiver
    • TxRx_R/W: R/W signal to transceiver; tied to write (zero)
    • TxRx_Go: Go signal to transceiver
    • Done: pulses for one cycle; connects to state register as an enable line
    • New_St: new state to load into state register; goes to 010 when Done is high

(010) Idle

Block 010 continuously polls the interrupt registers on the CP2200/1 until the Receive FIFO Empty flag comes back as a zero. On this condition it transitions to state 011.

inputs

• Clk: clock
• /Rst: asynchronous, active-low reset
• State: 3-bit state value
• TxRx_A: 8-bit address from transceiver
• TxRx_D: 8-bit data from transceiver
• TxRx_Done: pulse from transceiver to signal transfer complete

internal signals

• S_En: state enable, S_En <= not St(2) and St(1) and not St(0)
• Go: when S_En goes high Go pulses for one cycle

blocks

• Fetcher
  • Reads register 0x76 (INT0RD) by sending a read request to the transceiver
  • inputs
    • F_Go: pulse to start request, F_Go <= Go or Loop
  • outputs
    • TxRx_Go: Go line on transceiver
    • TxRx_R/W: R/W line on transceiver, tied high (read)
    • TxRx_A: A_in bus on transceiver, tied to 0x76 (0111 0110)
      • Note: D_in on transceiver is not used; assume this line defaults to zero
• Looper
  • Switch to determine if this state should loop on itself or continue to the next state.
  • inputs
    • S_En: state enable
    • TxRx_Done: Done pulse from transceiver
    • TxRx_Data: D_out bus from transceiver
  • outputs
    • Loop: pulse to repeat fetch cycle; Loop <= S_En and TxRx_Done and TxRx_Data(6)
    • Done: pulse to finish state; connects to state counter as an enable; Done <= S_En and TxRx_Done and not TxRx_Data(6)
    • New_St: new state value to load into state register; goes to 011 when Done is high

(011) Read Packet

Block 011 is the only block with switching between following states. Its first task is to load the MAC data of the packet. If filtering inside of the FPGA is required, this block is responsible for it. The only MAC filtering likely to be needed is a check to see if the destination MAC address matches the MAC address of the CP2200/1, but the CP2200/1 should filter this itself (verify in the data sheet). If the packet is bad, this block tells the CP2200/1 to skip the packet and returns to block 010. The MAC filter would be the first substate.

After MAC filtering comes the second substate (or the only substate if MAC filtering is found to be unnecessary). This reads the first byte of the packet's data and uses it as a switch to determine the transition to the next state:

ASCII		Next State
R		000
Q		100
P		110
other		010

Anything other than the three defined packets is considered a bad packet and is discarded in the CP2200/1 before transitioning back to state 010. An "R" packet obtains the reset mask from the second byte then discards the packet before transitioning to state 000. State 000 assumes that the reset mask is held, so this output needs to be latched in place until the next time this block activates. A query has no switches or masks on it, so a "Q" packet will be discarded from the CP2200/1 before continuing on. A "P" packet has a large amount of data attached to it, so that is the only packet not discarded before continuing to the next state. This allows later states to access the packet data, but also puts on those later states the responsibility for discarding the packet once finished with it.

(100) Poll Status

This block will have at least two functional blocks: one to poll the temperature sensor and one to poll the ADC. Its job is to update all status values from the status chips in preparation for transmission. Additionally, it converts all values to 16-bit two's-complement before storing locally. Once all status values have been updated it transitions to state 101.

Currently we assume that data values will be stored in the FPGA. If data values will be stored on CP2200/1 Flash memory or other storage device, the interfaces and blocks will have to be adjusted appropriately.

inputs

• Clk: clock
• /Rst: asynchronous, active-low reset
• State: 3-bit state value

internal signals

• S_En: state enable, S_En <= not (St(2) or St(1) or St(0))
• Go: when S_En goes high Go pulses for one cycle

blocks

• ADC Poll
  • Updates values stored in the FPGA from the ADC. Obtains data from ADC, converts to 16-bit two's-complement, and stores.
  • inputs
    • Clk: clock
    • /Rst: asynchronous, active-low reset
    • Go: go pulse to begin
  • outputs
    • - All ADC control lines -
    • A_Done: goes high when reset/initialization process is complete, falls on Go pulse
    • En: enable line for writing to the internal registers
    • Sel: 3-bit select bus to specify which ADC channel data is available
    • Data: 16-bit data bus to carry data to FPGA internal registers
• Temp Poll
  • Updates value stored in the FPGA from the temperature sensor. Obtains data from temperature sensor, converts to 16-bit two's-complement, and stores.
  • inputs
    • Clk: clock
    • /Rst: asynchronous, active-low reset
    • Go: go pulse to begin
  • outputs
    • - All temperature sensor control lines -
    • En: enable line for writing to the internal register
    • Data: 16-bit data bus to carry data to FPGA internal registers
• Coordinator
  • Coordinates the completion of each polling cycle and notifies other blocks that the polling process is complete.
  • inputs
    • Clk: clock
    • /Rst: asynchronous, active-low reset
    • A_Done: high when ADC is done polling
  • outputs
    • Done: when A_Done goes high, Done pulses for one cycle; connects to state register as an enable

    Note that the temperature sensor does not signal completion. That is because the temperature sensor need only update one value, while the ADC must update eight values. Thus it is known ahead of time that the temperature sensor will already be done by the time the ADC is done.

    • New_St: new state to be written to the state register; goes to 101 while Done is high

(101) Transmit "S"

This block compiles the status values into a single packet by loading them into the CP2200/1 in a defined order and format, including padding/converting any values that need it. Once the packet has been sent, the block transitions to state 010.

inputs

• Clk: clock
• /Rst: asynchronous, active-low reset
• State: 3-bit state value

internal signals

• S_En: state enable, S_En <= not (St(2) or St(1) or St(0))
• Go: when S_En goes high Go pulses for one cycle

blocks

• Temp Loader
  • This block reads the temperature value from the internal registers and loads it to the transmit buffer.
  • inputs
    • Clk: clock
    • /Rst: asynchronous, active-low reset
    • Go: pulse to begin; feeds from Go internal signal of block 101
    • D_in: 16-bit data bus from internal registers
    • TxRx_Done: Done signal from transceiver
  • ouputs
    • TxRx_Go: Go signal on transceiver
    • TxRx_R/W: R/W signal on transceiver
    • TxRx_A: A_in bus on transceiver
    • TxRx_D: D_in bus on transceiver
    • Done: pulse to signal completion
• ADC Loader
  • This block reads the ADC values from the internal registers and loads them to the transmit buffer in order: channel zero to channel seven.
  • inputs
    • Clk: clock
    • /Rst: asynchronous, active-low reset
    • Go: pulse to begin; feeds from Done signal of Temp Loader
    • D_in: 16-bit data bus from internal registers
    • TxRx_Done: Done signal from transceiver
  • ouputs
    • Sel: 3-bit select bus for internal registers
    • TxRx_Go: Go signal on transceiver
    • TxRx_R/W: R/W signal on transceiver
    • TxRx_A: A_in bus on transceiver
    • TxRx_D: D_in bus on transceiver
    • Done: pulse to signal completion
• Padder
  • This block pads the packet to the minimum 46 bytes. Only 19 bytes have been loaded by this point (1 byte "S", 2 byte temperature, 8 x 2 byte ADC), so 27 bytes of padding (zero) must be loaded.
  • inputs
    • Clk: clock
    • /Rst: asynchronous, active-low reset
    • Go: pulse to begin; feeds from Done signal of ADC Loader
    • TxRx_Done: Done signal from transceiver
  • outputs
    • TxRx_Go: Go signal on transceiver
    • TxRx_R/W: R/W signal on transceiver
    • TxRx_A: A_in bus on transceiver
    • TxRx_D: D_in bus on transceiver
    • Done: pulse to signal completion
• Sender
  • This block tells the CP2200/1 to send the completed packet.
  • inputs
    • Clk: clock
    • /Rst: asynchronous, active-low reset
    • Go: pulse to begin; feeds from Done signal of Padder
    • TxRx_Done: Done signal from transceiver
  • outputs
    • TxRx_Go: Go signal on transceiver
    • TxRx_R/W: R/W signal on transceiver
    • TxRx_A: A_in bus on transceiver
    • TxRx_D: D_in bus on transceiver
    • Done: pulse to signal completion

(110) Program DAC

This block will have a substate to obtain the programming mask. It then loops 32 (or 24 or 16) times on a second substate that obtains the next programming value and, if the corresponding mask bit is high, programs that channel of the DAC. A mux may be needed to select the appropriate bit from the programming mask. It also updates the locally stored DAC channel values (which may be stored on the FPGA, the CP2200/1 Flash, or other) in preparation for a "D" response packet. Then it transitions to state 111.

inputs

• Clk: clock
• /Rst: asynchronous, active-low reset
• State: 3-bit state value

internal signals

• S_En: state enable, S_En <= not (St(2) or St(1) or St(0))
• Go: when S_En goes high Go pulses for one cycle

blocks

• Mask Fetcher
  • This block reads the programming mask, contained in the second data byte (first remaining byte) through the 5th/4th/3rd byte (4th/3rd/2nd remaining byte), and saves it into a 32/24/16-bit register.
  • inputs
    • Clk: clock
    • /Rst: asynchronous, active-low reset
    • Go: pulse to begin, comes from Go internal signal of block 110
    • TxRx_D: 8-bit data bus from transceiver
    • TxRx_Done: Done signal from transceiver
  • outputs
    • TxRx_Go: Go input on transceiver
    • TxRx_R/W: R/W input on transceiver; tied to read (one)
    • TxRx_A: A_in bus on transceiver
    • Mask: 32/24/16-bit readout of programming mask
    • Done: pulse to signal that mask has been obtained
• Programmer
  • Programs the DAC. Loops 32/24/16 times, obtaining the next byte from the CP2200/1 buffer, checking the mask, programming the DAC if the mask is 1 or skipping if the mask is 0. Also writes the value to the internal DAC value storage registers (or Flash memory or other).
  • inputs
    • Clk: clock
    • /Rst: asynchronous, active-low reset
    • Go: pulse to begin; feeds from Done signal of Mask Fetcher
    • TxRx_D: D_out bus on transceiver
    • TxRx_Done: Done signal on transceiver
  • outputs
    • - DAC control lines -
    • TxRx_Go: Go signal on transceiver
    • TxRx_R/W: R/W signal on transceiver
    • TxRx_A: A_in bus on transceiver
    • Sel: 5/5/4-bit select bus to internal registers
    • Data: 32/24/16-bit data bus to internal registers
    • Done: pulse to signal completion
    • New_St: next state to load into the state register; goes to 111 when Done is high

(111) Transmit "D"

This block loads a "D" to the transmit buffer then loops 32 (or 24 or 16) times to load the locally stored DAC channel values to the transmit buffer. Once the full packet has been loaded, it sends the packet, then transitions to state 010.

inputs

• Clk: clock
• /Rst: asynchronous, active-low reset
• State: 3-bit state value

internal signals

• S_En: state enable, S_En <= not (St(2) or St(1) or St(0))
• Go: when S_En goes high Go pulses for one cycle

blocks

• Loader
  • Loads the DAC values into a packet in the transmission buffer of the CP2200/1. Loops through all values and loads them in order (channel zero to channel thirty-one).
  • inputs
    • Clk: clock
    • /Rst: asynchronous, active-low reset
    • Go: pulse to begin loading a packet
    • TxRx_Done: Done signal on transceiver
    • Data: 14-bit data bus from internal registers
  • outputs
    • TxRx_Go: Go signal on transceiver
    • TxRx_RW: R/W signal on transceiver
    • TxRx_A: A_in bus on transceiver
    • TxRx_D: D_in bus on transceiver
    • Done: pulse to signal completion
• Sender
  • Tells CP2200/1 to send the packet
  • inputs
    • Clk: clock
    • /Rst: asynchronous, active-low reset
    • Go: pulse to begin, connected to Done signal from Loader
    • TxRx_Done: Done signal from transceiver
  • outputs
    • TxRx_Go: Go signal on transceiver
    • TxRx_RW: R/W signal on transceiver
    • TxRx_A: A_in bus on transceiver
    • TxRx_D: D_in bus on transceiver
    • Done: pulse to signal completion
    • New_St: 3-bit bus of new state to write to state register; goes to 010 when Done is high