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= SiPM Performance Requirements =
= SiPM Performance Requirements =
[[Image:SSPM05_(1x1).jpg|thumb|370px|SSPM-050701GR-TO18 [http://www.photonique.ch/DataSheets/SSPM_050701GR_TO18_Rev1.pdf] from [http://www.photonique.ch Photonique SA], with 1 mm<sup>2</sup> active area with 556 pixels]]
[[Image:SSPM05_(1x1).jpg|thumb|226px|SSPM-050701GR-TO18 [http://www.photonique.ch/DataSheets/SSPM_050701GR_TO18_Rev1.pdf] from [http://www.photonique.ch Photonique SA], with 1 mm<sup>2</sup> active area with 556 pixels]]
[[Image:SSPM06_(2x2).jpg|thumb|370px|SSPM-0606BG4-PCB [http://www.photonique.ch/DataSheets/SSPM_0606BG4MM_PCB_vs1.pdf] from [http://www.photonique.ch Photonique SA], with 4.4 mm<sup>2</sup> active area with 1700 pixels]]
[[Image:SSPM06_(2x2).jpg|thumb|226px|SSPM-0606BG4-PCB [http://www.photonique.ch/DataSheets/SSPM_0606BG4MM_PCB_vs1.pdf] from [http://www.photonique.ch Photonique SA], with 4.4 mm<sup>2</sup> active area with 1700 pixels]]
[[Image:MPPC050C_(1x1).jpg|thumb|370px|MPPC S10362-11-050C [http://209.73.52.252/assets/pdf/catsandguides/mppc_kapd0002e03.pdf] from [http://sales.hamamatsu.com/en/home.php Hamamatsu], with 1 mm<sup>2</sup> active area with 400 pixels]]
[[Image:MPPC050C_(1x1).jpg|thumb|226px|MPPC S10362-11-050C [http://209.73.52.252/assets/pdf/catsandguides/mppc_kapd0002e03.pdf] from [http://sales.hamamatsu.com/en/home.php Hamamatsu], with 1 mm<sup>2</sup> active area with 400 pixels]]
A novel method of low light readout is evaluated here. Traditionally, signals of tens to hundreds of photons are read out by photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), which provide gain of <math>10^6</math> via a cascade of electrons multiplied on collision at each of the device's sequential dynodes. The small cross-section scintillating fibers in the high rate tagger microscope that will operate in Hall-D of Jefferson Lab call for a new and more compact readout. Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) are discussed on the merits of their gain, detection efficiency, speed and noise level.
A novel method of low light readout is evaluated here. Traditionally, signals of tens to hundreds of photons are read out by photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), which provide gain of <math>10^6</math> via a cascade of electrons multiplied on collision at each of the device's sequential dynodes. The small cross-section scintillating fibers in the high rate tagger microscope that will operate in Hall-D of Jefferson Lab call for a new and more compact readout. Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) are discussed on the merits of their gain, detection efficiency, speed and noise level.
= Bench Test Setup =
= Bench Test Setup =
A fast light source operating in an environment with little background is necessary for the tests described here. The challenge is in preventing light leaks in this chamber despite the need for access ports, patching wires through walls and installing sensor and temperature control modules that must interface with the outside.
A fast light source operating in an environment with little background is necessary for the tests described here. The challenge is in preventing light leaks in this chamber despite the need for access ports, cable feed-through, and a temperature control module that requires heat exchange with the outside.
A [[dark chamber]] was constructed to create this controlled environment. Please refer to the [[dark chamber | more detailed page]] on its construction, test and calibration.
A [[dark chamber]] was constructed to create this controlled environment. Please refer to the [[dark chamber | more detailed page]] on its construction, test and calibration.
Additionally a reference sensor is necessary to calibrate the light flux. A UV/Blue/Green-sensitive [[Hybrid Photodiode]] (HPD) from DEP was used for this purpose. It has a detection efficiency of 5-15% in the wavelength range of our light sources and a factor of 2700 gain at the recommended HV of 12 kV. Unfortunately this low gain and its high capacitance (~200 pF) results in statistical charge fluctuations of several photo-electrons, preventing discrete photon counting. However, devices of this type, owing to their simple acceleration gap, have a very predictable gain, consistent from from one unit to the next. Its gain factor was used as an assumption for all subsequent calculations.
= SiPM Measurements =
= SiPM Measurements =
* Collect spectra of signal peaks as a function of window position (to evaluate distribution of after-pulses)
* Collect spectra of signal peaks as a function of window position (to evaluate distribution of after-pulses)
* Look for methods/components to boost data collection rate
* Look for methods/components to boost data collection rate
= Links =
= Links =
* [[SiPM Vendors]]
* [[SiPM Vendors]]
* [[Tagger Time Resolution]] estimates
* [[Tagger Time Resolution]] estimates
* BCF-20 Scintillating Fiber (catalog) [http://www.detectors.saint-gobain.com/Media/Documents/S0000000000000001004/SGC%20Scintillating%20Optical%20Fibers%20Brochure%20605.pdf]
* BCF-20 Scintillating Fiber (catalog) [http://www.detectors.saint-gobain.com/Media/Documents/S0000000000000001004/SGC_Scintillating_Optical_Fibers_Brochure.pdf]
* [[:Image:S20photocathode_QE.jpg|Detection spectrum]] of the HPD photocathode.
* [[Hybrid Photodiode]] (HPD)
* [[dark chamber | Photo-sensor Test Stand]]
* Temperature Controller (vendor page) [http://www.tetech.com/temp/tc24-12.shtml]
* Temperature Controller (vendor page) [http://www.tetech.com/temp/tc24-12.shtml]
* Callibration of the temperature controller: a [[:media:Tc2412calib.pdf|lookup table]] for the control and monitor voltage.
* Callibration of the temperature controller: a [[:media:Tc2412calib.pdf|lookup table]] for the control and monitor voltage.
* Brandan Krueger's pages on the [[SiPM Amplifier]] and [[MATLAB amplifier in detail]]
* Brandan Krueger's pages on the [[SiPM Amplifier]] and [[MATLAB amplifier in detail]]
* [http://www.photonique.ch Photonique SA] SiPM Specification Sheets: SSPM-05~ [http://www.photonique.ch/DataSheets/SSPM_050701GR_TO18_Rev1.pdf] and SSPM-06~ [http://www.photonique.ch/DataSheets/SSPM_0606BG4MM_PCB_vs1.pdf]
* [http://www.photonique.ch Photonique SA] SiPM Specification Sheets: SSPM-05~ [http://www.photonique.ch/DataSheets/SSPM_050701GR_TO18.pdf] and SSPM-06~ [http://www.photonique.ch/DataSheets/SSPM_0606BG4MM.pdf]
* [[SiPM Radiation Hardness Tests]]
= References =
= References =