Changes

* The term '''signal''' is sometimes used to generically refer to a line, pin, or bus.  Later you will see that the ''proper'' use of the term signal is to discuss an internal line or bus.  However, as pins are connected to internal lines and buses, sometimes sloppy terminology extends "signal" to include pins.

* The term '''signal''' is sometimes used to generically refer to a line, pin, or bus.  Later you will see that the ''proper'' use of the term signal is to discuss an internal line or bus.  However, as pins are connected to internal lines and buses, sometimes sloppy terminology extends "signal" to include pins.

* Signals come in '''active-high''' and '''active-low''' varieties.  Active-high means that a logical 1 is "on" and a logical 0 is "off".  It is also known as "positive logic".  Active-low is the exact opposite; logical 0 is "on" and logical 1 is "off", and it is alternately known as "negative logic".

* Signals come in '''active-high''' and '''active-low''' varieties.  Active-high means that a logical 1 is "on" and a logical 0 is "off".  It is also known as "positive logic".  Active-low is the exact opposite; logical 0 is "on" and logical 1 is "off", and it is alternately known as "negative logic".

* Some signals serve double-duty.  As active-high logic they perform one operation, but as active-low logic they perform another operation.  This links these operations as complimentary pairs.  For example a shift register may shift its output or it may load a new value.  If it's not shifting then it's loading.  So the name would be something like "Shift/Load" to signify that shifting is active-high and loading is active-low.  Carrying over this notation, any signal that is written "/Name" is an active-low signal.  This notation is not always used, but it is quite common and I shall attempt to maintain this practice throughout the tutorial.  When writing on paper, an active-low signal is frequently denoted by an overbar instead of a leading slash.  Unless otherwise specified, a signal that is not marked as active-low is assumed to be active-high by default.  Some designs assume active-low as the default, but that will either be marked or implied by context (i.e. all active-high lines marked as such).

* Some signals serve double-duty.  As active-high logic they perform one operation, but as active-low logic they perform another operation.  This links these operations as complimentary pairs.  For example a shift register may shift its output or it may load a new value.  If it's not shifting then it's loading.  So the name would be something like "Shift/Load" to signify that shifting is active-high and loading is active-low.  Carrying over this notation, any signal that is written "/Name" is an active-low signal.  This notation is not always used, but it is quite common and I shall attempt to maintain this practice throughout the tutorial.  When writing on paper, an active-low signal is frequently denoted by an overbar instead of a leading slash.  Unless otherwise specified, a signal that is not marked as active-low is assumed to be active-high by default.  Some designs assume active-low as the default, but that will either be marked or implied by context (e.g. all active-high lines marked as such).

* A '''pin''' is an input, output, or inout.  A '''line''' is a single pin or a single bit of data flowing along a wire.  A '''bus''' is properly a multidrop line, but through common usage (due to the way circuits are commonly designed), in digital logic at this level the term has come to mean multiple lines bound together into a bundle.  On a diagram, a bus appears as a thick line with a slash through it.  Near the slash will be a number denoting how many lines are bundled into that bus.

* A '''pin''' is an input, output, or inout.  A '''line''' is a single pin or a single bit of data flowing along a wire.  A '''bus''' is properly a multidrop line, but through common usage (due to the way circuits are commonly designed), in digital logic at this level the term has come to mean multiple lines bound together into a bundle.  On a diagram, a bus appears as a thick line with a slash through it.  Near the slash will be a number denoting how many lines are bundled into that bus.